等価回路は図2.8になります.
これより,次の関係が成り立ちます.eo | = | (i1 + i2)RL | (2.14) |
μeg | = | eo + i2rp | (2.15) |
ei | = | eo + i1Rg | (2.16) |
ei | = | eg + eo | (2.17) |
eg | = | ei - eo | |
μei - μeo | = | eo + i2rp | |
μei | = | (1 + μ)eo + i2rp | |
μRgei | = | (1 + μ)Rgeo + i2rpRg | |
rpei | = | rpeo + i1rpRg | |
(rp + μRg)ei | = | {(1 + μ)Rg + rp}eo + (i1 + i2)rpRg | |
(rp + μRg)ei | = | {(1 + μ)Rg + rp}eo + rpRg | |
eo | = | ei | |
= | ei | ||
A | = | (2.18) |
A | (2.19) |
入力インピーダンスは,入力信号の電圧 ei と電流 i1 から求められます.
出力インピーダンスを求めるには, 入力を短絡し,出力端子に eo を加えた等価回路を作成し, 出力端子から回路に流れ込む電流 io を求め, Zo = eo/io により出力インピーダンスを求めます. 出力インピーダンスを求めるための等価回路を図2.9に示します.
Z1 = = | (2.23) |
最初に,図2.10の 12AU7による固定バイアスのカソードフォロワを解析します.
電源電圧 Ebb = 200 V, 負荷抵抗 RL = 33 kΩ, グリッド抵抗 Rg = 100 kΩ とします. 動作点は, Ep = 100 V, Eg = - 3.646829 V, Ip = 3.0303 mA で, この動作点における三定数は, gm = 1513.786 μS, rp = 11.34946 kΩ, μ = 17.18064 です. この回路の増幅度は式(2.18), 入力インピーダンスは式(2.20), 出力インピーダンスは式(2.22)を使って求めます.A | = | = 0.9278936 | |
Zi | = | = 1386.84 [kΩ] | |
Zo | = | = 0.6089398 [kΩ] |
1 Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (fixed bias 1) 2 .INCLUDE 12AU7.lib 3 .SUBCKT COMP1 IN OUT 4 X1 4 2 3 12AU7 5 RL 3 0 33k 6 VBB 4 0 200V 7 RG 2 1 100k 8 VG 1 3 -3.64683V 9 CI 2 IN 1u 10 CO 3 OUT 1000u 11 .ENDS 12 13 XA1 1 2 COMP1 14 VI 1 0 DC 0V AC 1V 15 RL 2 0 100Meg 16 17 XA2 3 4 COMP1 18 VS 3 0 DC 0V 19 VO 4 0 DC 0V AC 1V 20 .control 21 op 22 print v(a1:4,a1:3) v(a1:2,a1:3) v:a1:bb#branch 23 ac dec 1 1k 1k 24 print abs(v(2)/v(1)) abs(v(1)/i(vi)) abs(v(4)/i(vo)) 25 .endc 26 .END
3行目から11行目が, 図2.10の点線で囲った部分をサブ回路としたもので, 13行目と17行目で使っています.
13行目からが増幅度と入力インピーダンスを求める回路で, 17行目からが出力インピーダンスを求める回路です.
22行目で動作点の各値を表示していますが, サブ回路の中のノードの値を表示するため, ノードの指定が複雑になっています.
1 2 Circuit: Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (fixed bias 1) 3 4 v(a1:4,a1:3) = 1.000000e+02 5 v(a1:2,a1:3) = -3.64683e+00 6 v:a1:bb#branch = -3.03030e-03 7 abs(v(2)/v(1)) = 9.278865e-01 8 abs(v(1)/i(vi)) = 1.386594e+06 9 abs(v(4)/i(vo)) = 6.089417e+02
入力インピーダンスの差が少しありますが, インピーダンスがかなり高いため,真空管の電極間容量の影響が出ています.
A | = | = 0.9274518 | |
Zi | = | 100 [kΩ] | |
Zo | = | = 0.6126705 [kΩ] |
この回路の場合,カソード接地増幅回路に100%の負帰還をかけたものと 解釈することができます. カソード接地の増幅度 | Ao| は,
| Ao| = μ | (2.24) |
Af = = = | (2.25) |
1 Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (fixed bias 2) 2 .INCLUDE 12AU7.lib 3 .SUBCKT COMP2 IN OUT 4 X1 4 2 3 12AU7 5 RL 3 0 33k 6 VBB 4 0 200V 7 RG 2 1 100k 8 VG 1 0 96.35317V 9 CI 2 IN 1u 10 CO 3 OUT 1000u 11 .ENDS 12 13 XA1 1 2 COMP2 14 VI 1 0 DC 0V AC 1V 15 RL 2 0 100Meg 16 17 XA2 3 4 COMP2 18 VS 3 0 DC 0V 19 VO 4 0 DC 0V AC 1V 20 .control 21 op 22 print v(a1:4,a1:3) v(a1:2,a1:3) v:a1:bb#branch 23 ac dec 1 1k 1k 24 print abs(v(2)/v(1)) abs(v(1)/i(vi)) abs(v(4)/i(vo)) 25 .endc 26 .END
1 2 Circuit: Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (fixed bias 2) 3 4 v(a1:4,a1:3) = 1.000000e+02 5 v(a1:2,a1:3) = -3.64683e+00 6 v:a1:bb#branch = -3.03030e-03 7 abs(v(2)/v(1)) = 9.274435e-01 8 abs(v(1)/i(vi)) = 1.000002e+05 9 abs(v(4)/i(vo)) = 6.126713e+02
1 Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (self bias 1) 2 .INCLUDE 12AU7.lib 3 .SUBCKT COMP3 IN OUT 4 X1 4 2 3 12AU7 5 RK 3 5 1203.454 6 CK 3 5 1000u 7 RL 5 0 33k 8 VBB 4 0 203.64683V 9 RG 2 5 100k 10 CI 2 IN 1u 11 CO 3 OUT 1000u 12 .ENDS 13 14 XA1 1 2 COMP3 15 VI 1 0 DC 0V AC 1V 16 RL 2 0 100Meg 17 18 XA2 3 4 COMP3 19 VS 3 0 DC 0V 20 VO 4 0 DC 0V AC 1V 21 .control 22 op 23 print v(a1:4,a1:3) v(a1:2,a1:3) v:a1:bb#branch 24 ac dec 1 1k 1k 25 print abs(v(2)/v(1)) abs(v(1)/i(vi)) abs(v(4)/i(vo)) 26 .endc 27 .END
1 2 Circuit: Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (self bias 1) 3 4 v(a1:4,a1:3) = 1.000000e+02 5 v(a1:2,a1:3) = -3.64683e+00 6 v:a1:bb#branch = -3.03030e-03 7 abs(v(2)/v(1)) = 9.278865e-01 8 abs(v(1)/i(vi)) = 1.386595e+06 9 abs(v(4)/i(vo)) = 6.089417e+02
eo | = | (i1 + i2)RL + i2Rk | (2.26) |
μeg | = | (i1 + i2)RL + i2(rp + Rk) | (2.27) |
ei | = | (i1 + i2)RL + i1Rg | (2.28) |
ei | = | eg + (i1 + i2)RL | (2.29) |
eg | = | ei - eo = ei - (i1 + i2)RL - i2Rk | |
μei | = | (1 + μ)(i1 + i2)RL + {(1 + μ)Rk + rp}i2 | |
= | (1 + μ)RLi1 + {rp + (1 + μ)RL + (1 + μ)Rk}i2 | ||
ei | = | (RL + Rg)i1 + RLi2 | |
i1 | = | ei | |
i2 | = | ei | |
eo | = | ei | |
= | ei |
A | = | (2.30) | |
Zi | = | = | (2.31) |
Zo | = | (2.32) |
R' | = | RL + Rk + RkRL/Rg = 31.79655 + 1.203454 + 1.203454 x 31.79655/100 = 33.38266 [kΩ] | |
A | = | = 0.9280691 | |
Zi | = | = 956.357 [kΩ] | |
Zo | = | = 0.6092449 [kΩ] |
1 Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (self bias 2) 2 .INCLUDE 12AU7.lib 3 .SUBCKT COMP4 IN OUT 4 X1 4 2 3 12AU7 5 RK 3 5 1203.454 6 RL 5 0 31.79655k 7 VBB 4 0 200V 8 RG 2 5 100k 9 CI 2 IN 1u 10 CO 3 OUT 1000u 11 .ENDS 12 13 XA1 1 2 COMP4 14 VI 1 0 DC 0V AC 1V 15 RL 2 0 100Meg 16 17 XA2 3 4 COMP4 18 VS 3 0 DC 0V 19 VO 4 0 DC 0V AC 1V 20 .control 21 op 22 print v(a1:4,a1:3) v(a1:2,a1:3) v:a1:bb#branch 23 ac dec 1 1k 1k 24 print abs(v(2)/v(1)) abs(v(1)/i(vi)) abs(v(4)/i(vo)) 25 .endc 26 .END
1 2 Circuit: Common plate voltage amplifier (cathode follower) with 12AU7 (self bias 2) 3 4 v(a1:4,a1:3) = 1.000000e+02 5 v(a1:2,a1:3) = -3.64683e+00 6 v:a1:bb#branch = -3.03030e-03 7 abs(v(2)/v(1)) = 9.280620e-01 8 abs(v(1)/i(vi)) = 9.562632e+05 9 abs(v(4)/i(vo)) = 6.092468e+02